Peptide Background Check
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peptide 101 · the plain-English directory

What each research peptide has actually been studied for

Why people look each one up, what the record actually shows, who it was shown in, and how much to trust it. One card per compound in the vendor's catalog. No favorites, no "best for."

Read this first. Every compound on this page is sold as a research chemical. None is approved for human use anywhere. "Studied for X" means someone published a paper about X — usually in rats — not that it works in people. Research use only. Not medical advice.
1 · cells in a dish 2 · animals 3 · small human studies 4 · large controlled trials 5 · approved medicine most research peptides live here nothing on this page →

The evidence ladder — how to read the cards

Evidence climbs five rungs. A result in a dish is rung 1. Rats and mice are rung 2. A handful of people is rung 3. A large trial with a placebo group is rung 4. An approved medicine is rung 5.

Each card below tells you the highest rung a compound has reached and where it stopped. Most research peptides stop at rung 2. The ones that reached rung 3 did so in small studies that measured a blood marker or a lab value, not a health outcome.

Three lights, same as the rest of the site: human controlled trials on file · animal, cell, or tiny human studies only · nothing on file

You don't need to understand chemistry to read a ladder.

The single compounds

Alphabetical. Dates matter — regulatory status changed in April and July 2026 and we re-check quarterly.

15 amino acids · synthetic

BPC-157

Why people look it up. Injury recovery — tendons, muscle, gut. That reputation rests almost entirely on rat studies; no one has shown it in people.

What it is. A short piece of a protein found in stomach juice, made in a lab.

What researchers have looked at. Tendon, muscle, ligament and gut injury; also blood-vessel growth.

In whom. Almost entirely rats. No human trials on record.

Evidence: rung 2 — animals

Status. Not approved anywhere. FDA compounding page: “nominated but withdrawn” (Apr 2026). An FDA advisory panel voted in July 2026 to recommend it for the compounding list — advisory only, nothing has legally changed. WADA-banned (S0).

What's unknown. Human safety by any route. Whether rat results carry over to people at all.

43 amino acids · copy of a human protein

TB-500 (thymosin beta-4)

Why people look it up. Tissue repair and flexibility. The reputation comes from animal studies of thymosin beta-4 and from sport, where it is banned — not from human trials of the vial sold as TB-500.

What it is. A protein your cells already make in large amounts. “TB-500” is the name research vendors use; the lab report for this vendor's product reads full-length thymosin beta-4.

What researchers have looked at. Wound repair, cornea, heart tissue, cell movement.

In whom. Mostly animals and cells. Thymosin beta-4 itself has been in small human trials (eye drops, wound gels) run by a drug developer — those are not the vial sold as TB-500.

Evidence: rung 3 — small human studies (Tβ4, not TB-500)

Status. Not approved. FDA: “nominated but withdrawn” (Apr 2026); July 2026 panel recommended it (advisory). WADA-banned (S2.3).

What's unknown. Anything about the injectable research product in people. Whether what you receive is the fragment or the full protein — check the COA identity line.

3 amino acids · tail of a human hormone

KPV

Why people look it up. Gut inflammation. Mouse and cell studies only — FDA notes there is no human exposure data by any route.

What it is. The last three amino acids of a hormone (α-MSH) your body makes.

What researchers have looked at. Gut inflammation; how it gets into intestinal cells.

In whom. Mice and cells. No human data on record.

Evidence: rung 2 — animals

Status. Not approved. FDA: “nominated but withdrawn” — FDA notes it has no human exposure data by any route (Apr 2026). July 2026 panel recommended it (advisory). WADA: not named.

What's unknown. Everything in people. Which form vendors actually sell (some listings' molecular weight matches an acetylated version, not plain KPV).

Sources: FDA 503A pages (S1, S2). KPV literature not yet cited here — empty beats invented.
3 amino acids + copper

GHK-Cu

Why people look it up. Skin, hair and wound appearance — the “copper peptide” in cosmetics. Cell studies and small cosmetic skin trials; nothing on injectable use in people.

What it is. A tiny piece of protein bound to a copper atom. Found in human blood; drops with age.

What researchers have looked at. Skin, wound repair, hair, gene expression; recently gut inflammation and brain aging in mice.

In whom. Cells, mice, and small cosmetic skin studies in people. Most of the literature is written by the compound's discoverer.

Evidence: rung 3 — small human skin studies

Status. Not approved as a drug. FDA lists it as under evaluation for compounding by non-injectable routes only (Category 1, May 2026); the injectable form is “nominated but withdrawn.” WADA: not named.

What's unknown. Injectable use in people — FDA has flagged immunogenicity risk. Whether the vial contains copper (one listing's molecular weight matches the copper-free peptide).

Bias note: primary reviews are authored by L. Pickart, who holds commercial interests in GHK-Cu.
29 amino acids · modified copy of a human hormone

CJC-1295 (no DAC)

Why people look it up. Raising growth hormone. One small human study measured exactly that — a blood level, in the with-DAC form — and nothing downstream of it.

What it is. A modified copy of the part of growth-hormone-releasing hormone that does the signaling. “No DAC” means the long-acting attachment is left off.

What researchers have looked at. Raising growth hormone and IGF-1 in the blood.

In whom. One published human study (healthy adults, 2006) — of the with-DAC version. The no-DAC version sold here has less published data.

Evidence: rung 3 — one small human study (with-DAC form)

Status. Not approved. FDA: “nominated but withdrawn” (Apr 2026). WADA-banned (S2, growth-hormone-releasing factors).

What's unknown. Long-term effects of pushing growth hormone. Any human data on the exact no-DAC product.

Source: Teichman et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006 (PubMed 16352683) — not yet read in full.
5 amino acids · synthetic

Ipamorelin

Why people look it up. Growth-hormone release with a “gentler” reputation. The gentler part comes from a 1998 animal paper; the human data is one small surgical-recovery study.

What it is. A lab-made peptide that mimics ghrelin, the “hunger hormone,” at the receptor that triggers growth-hormone release.

What researchers have looked at. Growth-hormone release; gut movement after bowel surgery.

In whom. Animals first (1998). Then a small randomized human study for post-surgery gut recovery (2014) run by a drug developer; the program did not become a medicine.

Evidence: rung 3 — one small randomized human study

Status. Not approved. FDA: Category 2 (“significant safety risk”) for outsourcing facilities, and “nominated but withdrawn” for pharmacies (Apr 2026). WADA-banned (S2).

What's unknown. Anything beyond short-term use. Why the drug program stopped.

Sources: Raun et al., Eur J Endocrinol 1998 (PubMed 9849822); Int J Colorectal Dis 2014 proof-of-concept RCT — not yet read in full.

Not a peptide, but in the catalog

a coenzyme · not a peptide

NAD+

Why people look it up. Energy and “anti-aging.” What the human studies actually show: blood NAD+ goes up after an infusion and people tolerate it. Nothing beyond that has been measured.

What it is. A molecule every living cell uses to move energy around. It is not a peptide — it's a nucleotide, chemically closer to the building blocks of DNA. Your body makes it; levels fall with age.

What researchers have looked at. Whether infusing it raises blood levels and is tolerated; oxidative-stress and inflammation markers; sleep. Separately, oral precursors (NR, NMN) have been studied for raising blood NAD+.

In whom. IV NAD+: five small human studies total as of September 2026, mostly uncontrolled, 8–14 people each. Oral precursors: several small placebo-controlled trials that measured blood levels, not health outcomes.

Evidence: rung 3 — small human studies (IV) · rung 4 in size only for oral precursors

Status. Not an approved drug. Different from the peptides: FDA lists NAD as “under evaluation” for pharmacy compounding (503A Category 1, May 2026), which is why clinics offer it. Not on the compounding safety-risk page. WADA: not named.

What's unknown. Whether raising blood NAD+ changes anything that matters. Long-term safety. A September 2026 review calls the evidence “preliminary and insufficient to support routine clinical or wellness use.”

blends · BPC+TB, Glow, Restore blend, Klow

Two or more in one vial

Why people look them up. “Recovery” combinations — the idea that the parts add up. No study of any of these combinations exists.

What they are. The single compounds above, freeze-dried together in one vial at a labeled ratio.

What researchers have looked at. Nothing. We found no published study of any of these combinations. The evidence for a blend is the evidence for its weakest component, at best.

Evidence: nothing on file for the combination

Status. Each component carries its own status above; a blend containing BPC-157 or TB-500 is WADA-banned.

What's unknown. Whether the components interact in the vial. Whether the label ratio matches the lab report — on this vendor, one Restore blend ratio has a COA and one doesn't.

Why we won't tell you which one is "best"

Because nobody knows. "Best for recovery" is a claim about a person, and there are no controlled human trials behind any compound on this page except a few dozen people measured for a blood marker. What we can tell you is what's on the record, who it was tested in, and whether the vial in front of you matches its paperwork. That's a background check. The rest is a guess, and we don't publish guesses.

If a page somewhere tells you a peptide "fixes" or "boosts" something in you, ask it for the rung.

Common questions

Are peptides legal?
Selling them as research chemicals is legal in the US. None on this page is approved for human use. Several are banned in sport. Status changes — we date every line.
What did the FDA panel vote on in July 2026?
An advisory committee recommended six peptides (including BPC-157, TB-500 and KPV) for the list pharmacies may compound from. It's a recommendation; FDA has not acted on it. Approval for human use is a different process entirely.
Is NAD+ a peptide?
No. It's a coenzyme. It sits in peptide catalogs because the same vendors sell it, not because it's related.
Which one has the most human evidence?
None has large controlled trials. The ones with any human data are CJC-1295 (one study, with-DAC form), ipamorelin (one small RCT), thymosin beta-4 (small developer trials, not the TB-500 vial), GHK-Cu (small skin studies) and NAD+ (five small IV studies). All measured markers, not outcomes.
How do I check the vial I have?
Lot on the vial → COA with that lot → look the code up at the lab → compare. Five minutes. How to read a COA →

Sources

idtitletypedatebiasstatus
S1Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding that May Present Significant Safety Risks (FDA)regulatorpage current 2026-04-22Regulatorverified
S2Bulk Drug Substances Nominated for Use in Compounding Under Section 503A (FDA category lists)regulatorupdated 2026-05-14Regulatorverified
S3FDA's Advisory Committee Votes on Peptides: What It Does and Doesn't Do (Mintz)news / legal2026-07-29Law firmverified
S4BPC-157: Experimental Peptide Creates Risk for Athletes (USADA)regulator2020, mod. 2026-08Anti-dopingverified
S52018 Prohibited List: Summary of Major Changes (USADA)regulator2017-10-02Anti-dopingverified
S6Narrative review of intravenous NAD+ and NAD+ precursors in wellness and translational medicine (Frontiers in Aging)lit2026-09-10Academic reviewverified — read
S7Chronic nicotinamide riboside supplementation is well-tolerated and elevates NAD+ in healthy middle-aged and older adults (Nat Commun)lit2018Academic; industry-supplied productverified (URL) — not yet read
S8Prolonged stimulation of GH and IGF-I secretion by CJC-1295 in healthy adults (JCEM)lit2006Developer-sponsoredverified (URL) — not yet read
S9Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue (Eur J Endocrinol)lit1998Developer authorsverified (URL) — not yet read
S10Proof-of-concept study of the ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin for postoperative ileus (Int J Colorectal Dis)lit2014Developer-sponsoredverified (URL) — not yet read
S11Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data (Int J Mol Sci)lit2018Author holds commercial interestverified (URL) — not yet read
S12Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applicationslitsee PubMedAcademic / developer-adjacentverified (URL) — not yet read
S13BPC-157 and KPV literaturelit——BPC-157: see its page. KPV: not yet cited
Not cited on purpose: vendor and clinic "benefits" pages, and any page claiming a human outcome for a compound on this list. Empty verified slots beat fake citations.
free · one per person · we run 10 a week

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Paste a product link or a lot number. We pull the lab report, look it up at the lab, and reply personally within 48 hours with the three lights. Any vendor. Research use only.

You don't need to understand chemistry to check paperwork.
one page, printable

The 6-document checklist

What each document proves, what it doesn't, and where to find it. Research use only.

We may earn a commission on orders placed through our links, at no extra cost to you. Research use only · not for human consumption · not medical advice.
You don't need to understand chemistry to check paperwork.
Research use only. Not for human consumption. Products referenced on this site are sold by the vendor as research chemicals. Nothing here is medical advice, a recommendation to use any compound, or a substitute for a licensed professional.
Affiliate disclosure. We are an affiliate of two vendors: Peptide Restore, LLC (Utah) and Capstone Peptides (Capstone Holdings LLC). We may earn a commission on orders placed through our links to them, at no extra cost to you. We do not sell, ship, or handle any product, and the same documentation standard applies to every vendor we link to.
Vendors: Peptide Restore, LLC (Utah) — not affiliated with Restore Peptides (New Mexico) · Capstone Peptides (Capstone Holdings LLC). Vendor statements about origin are not independently verified. · COA lab on file: Freedom Diagnostics · Editor: Chas Dearie · Last reviewed: 30 Sep 2026